NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATION ECOSYSTEM

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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NUTRIENT CYCLING IN BIRCH STANDS WITH DIFFERENT AGE STAGES

SuccessionisthedynanucdeveloPInentofecosystemswhichcanbecharactetindbyenergyandndneralcyclings.Eachsuccessionstagehasitscharaceristicsofelementcycling.SomeschOlarshaveStatedbutbrieflawsofnutrienCyclinginsuccessionstagesI"3I.InthespaPer,thenutrientcyclingcharacterishcsofbirchsuccessionseriesinXiaokinganlingwerediscussed.SwrYAasAroarernoDSThestUdyareaislocatedinLiangshniNatUralReservesinthendddieofXiaox-ing'anlilg(l28"53,2o'rE,47olo'5O"N).Theclimat6belongstocontinentalmonsoonclimate,W…     

要统筹解决西北和华北地区干旱缺水问题

针对某些学者“西北不缺水” ,南水北调主要解决华北地区水资源短缺的观点 ,分析了我国水资源与人口、耕地、矿产资源分布的不协调 ,气候变暖将使北方干旱持续到 2 0 15年 ,西北地区比华北地区更干旱缺水 ,西部生态环境建设和开发亟需调水 ,提出南水北调是合理配置水资源、保持社会稳定的需要 ,大西线调水是统筹解决北方干旱缺水的必由之路 ,并提出西南地区水电开发应与大西线调水同步进行     

Influence of plantation site and wastewater sludge fertilization on the performance and foliar nutrient status of two willow species grown under SRIC in southern Quebec (Canada)

Salix discolor Mühl. (Sd) and Salix viminalis L. (Sv) were planted under short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) on three unirrigated abandoned farmland sites with different drainage conditions, one well-drained (S₁) and the other two poorly-drained (S₂, S₃). One dose of dried and granulated sludge equivalent to 150 (T₁) kg of “available” N ha⁻¹ was applied to some plots in the spring of the second season while others were left unfertilized (T₀). The aims of the experiment were (i) to investigate plant response (growth and productivity) to plantation site conditions and sludge application; (ii) study nutrient status by foliar analysis. Over three seasons, growth in height and aboveground biomass were greater for S. viminalis than for S. discolor on all sites. S. viminalis planted on poorly-drained site 2 had the highest biomass yield (45.28 t ha⁻¹). Both species showed best height and diameter growth on poorly-drained sites. For both species, best performances were obtained on wastewater sludge fertilized plots. Comparative foliar analysis suggested that unfertilized sandy soil (S₁) and low foliar nitrogen concentration and content were limiting factors in the performance of the two species. Soil nitrate concentration increased as a result of sludge application. Heavy metal accumulation from sludge does not represent a risk to the environment. It was concluded that S. viminalis had the best productivity on clay sites, and that a moderate dose of dried and pelleted sludge (150 kg of “available” N ha⁻¹) may be a good fertilizer during the establishment of willows in SRIC, and may reduce nitrate leaching.     

核桃花粉营养成分分析与评价

分析测定了核桃花粉营养成分,结果表明蛋白质含量26.59%、氨基酸含量23.70%,高于其他花粉;还原性糖、蔗糖含量较低;脂肪含量稍高,为5.45%;必需氨基酸含量为9.61%,E/T比值为40.55%,蛋氨酸和胱氨酸为其限制性氨基酸.必需氨基酸的组成与比值与理想蛋白质中人体必需氨基酸的模式接近,氨基酸分75.14.测定的维生素中Vc含量每100 g最高达114.46 mg.与其他花粉比较,核桃花粉每100 g中有高钾(920 mg)、低钠(2.8mg)的特点,且镁(190 mg)、磷(650 nag)、钙(150 nag)含量较高;微量元素中锌(5.7 mg)、硒(0.017 mg)含量较高.     

Decomposition of needle/leaf litter from Scots pine, black cherry, common oak and European beech at a conurbation forest site

Litter decomposition was studied for 2 years in a mixed forest serving as a water protection area (Rhine-Neckar conurbation, SW Germany). Two experiments differing in initial dry weight equivalent in litterbags were set up: one to compare decomposition of European beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica) with common oak leaves (Quercus robur), and the other comparing decomposition of Scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) with black cherry leaves (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), respectively. Mass losses were greater for oak litter than for beech (75.0 versus 34.6%), and for cherry litter than for pine (94.6 versus 68.3%). In both experiments, a strong initial loss of soluble compounds occurred. The changes in litter N and P concentrations and the decrease in C-to-N ratio coincided with changes in residual mass. However, neither tannin and phenolic concentrations nor NMR could explain the pronounced variation in mass loss after 2 years. Differences in litter palatability and toughness, nutrient contents and other organic compounds may be responsible for the considerable differences in residual mass between litter types. The fast decay of black cherry leaves appears to play a major role in the present humus dynamics at the studied site. Since black cherry has a high N demand, which is mainly met by root uptake from the forest floor, this species is crucial for internal N cycling at this conurbation forest site. These effects together may significantly contribute to prevent nitrate leaching from the forest ecosystem which is subject to a continuous N deposition on an elevated level.     

油茶林生物量与养分生物循环的研究

对不同发育期油茶林生物量与养分的生物循环进行了研究。结果表明，从幼龄期至盛果期油茶林生物量逐步积累，盛果期生物量达到１６．１３９ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中经济生物量为１．７９８ｔ／ｈｍ２；不同发育期油茶林分的生产力不同，盛果期油茶林太阳能利用率最高，为０．２％；不同发育期油茶林光合产物在各器官的分配比例不同；不同发育期油茶林系统大量元素（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ）的吸收量、存留量、归还量及输出量不同。并提出了油茶林系统施肥的监界量。     

林木施肥与营养诊断

70年代以来,林木施肥与营养诊断,在恢复提高人工林林地肥力方面取得了很大进展,合理施肥已成为定向培育短轮伐期工业用材林重要技术措施。开展系统施肥网营养诊断研究是进行合理施肥、提高肥效的前提。土壤分析、植物组织分析与田间试验是主要营养诊断手段,由于诊断方法还存在一些技术问题,故在指导林地施肥方面尚受一定限制。本文对林木施肥研究历史、生产应用趋势和有关问题作了扼要评述。应用综合环境因子来研究营养诊断,开展系统定位试验,制定按树种的合理施肥方案。     

Litter dynamics of six multipurpose trees in a homegarden in Southern Kerala, India

Multipurpose trees, the integral components of homegardens, contribute significantly to the closed nutrient cycling processes and sustainability of the ecosystem. Although, the litter production and probable nutrient returns via litter in homegardens have been documented, quantification and characterization of the decomposition and bioelement release from the litter have received relatively little scientific attention. The objective of the present study is to explore the litter dynamics of six locally important multipurpose trees (Mangifera indica L., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk., Anacardium occidentale L., Ailanthus triphysa Dennst., Artocarpus hirsutus L. and Swietenia macrophylla L.), in an agroforestry homegarden in Southern Kerala, India. Litterfall and nutrient additions in the six species ranged from 383 to 868 g m⁻² yr⁻¹, nitrogen, 6.4 to 8.8, phosphorus, 0.17 to 0.42 and potassium, 1.1 to 2.8 g m⁻² yr⁻¹. The annual litter output in the homegarden was 425 kg with A. hirsutus, M. indica, A. heterophyllus and A. occidentale recording significantly higher litter and nutrient additions. Leaf litter decay studies revealed A. heterophyllus and A. occidentale to be the most labile litter species and S. macrophylla the most recalcitrant. The decay rate coefficients varied significantly among the species. Foliage decomposition rates related to the initial chemical composition of the litter revealed best correlation with lignin. NPK release was almost complete by the end of decay in all species inspite of the initial phases of accumulation observed for nitrogen and phosphorus. Two-way analysis of variance test revealed significant differences in the contents of the three elements as a function of species and time elapsed. Macronutrients were released in the order K>N/P. The higher rates of decay and nutrient turnover in M. indica, A. heterophyllus and A. occidentale foliage indicated the potential of using these species’ litter as nutrient inputs in agriculture while A. triphysa, A. hirsutus and S. macrophylla perform better as organic mulches taking a longer time for decay and hence nutrient release.     

提高杉木种子园种子产量及品质技术措施的研究

对湖南省东安县杉木无性系种子园施肥试验的结果表明：３、６、８月中旬每次每株各施尿素０．４ｋｇ、过磷酸钙０．３ｋｇ、氯化钾０．２ｋｇ为球花产量最高的施肥方案；施肥对当年的种子播种品质有影响，但不大；种子园大片母树不挂果的原因是土壤和树体中锰含量过高而树体中的硼元素缺乏，对此提出对土壤施石灰和对母树针叶喷Ｂ肥的改良措施；３—８月是杉木种子园施Ｎ、Ｐ．Ｋ肥最适宜时期；确定８月是杉木种子园母树营养诊断进行针叶分析的最佳采样时期，并制定出杉木种子园母树的针叶中全Ｎ含量为０．８％、全Ｐ含量为０．１２％、全Ｋ含量为０．７％是其临界值；针叶全Ｎ含量０．８—１．２％、全Ｋ含量０．７－０．９％是其最适浓度范围；中耕松土对种子园种子产量影响不明显。